References

Websites:

Amphibiaweb [online] Available: http://www.amphibiaweb.org/ (3/1/2013)

Internaional Union for Conservation of Nature [online] Available: http://www.iucn.org/ (3/1/2013)

Amphibians. Endangered Species International [online] Available: http://www.endangeredspeciesinternational.org/amphibians6.html (3/1/2013)

Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) EDGE [online] Available: http://www.edgeofexistence.org/amphibians/species_info.php?id=552 (3/1/2013)

Darmananda, Subhuti. Treatment of Leukemia Using Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine. Institute for Traditional Medicine [online] Available: http://www.itmonline.org/arts/leukemia.htm (3/1/2013)

Gomes, M.B., Kambo, The Spirit of the Shaman. Ayahuasca.com [online] Available: http://www.ayahuasca.com/spirit/kambo-the-spirit-of-the-shaman/ (3/1/2013)

iNaturalist.org. Goliath Frog (Conraua goliath) iNaturalist [online] Available: http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/Conraua_goliath (3/1/2013)


Online peer reviewed scientific articles:

Garg, A., Hippargi, R.V., Gandhare, A.N. Toad Skin Secretions: Potent source of Pharmacologically and Therapeutically Significant Compounds. Internet Journal of Phamracology [online] Available: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-pharmacology/volume-5-number-2/toad-skin-secretions-potent-source-of-pharmacologically-and-therapeutically-significant-compounds.html#sthash.xl0L6gUi.dpbs (3/1/2013)

Prestridge, H.L., Fitzgerald, L.A.., Hibbits, T.J. 2011. Trade in non native amphibians and reptiles in Texas: lessons for better monitoring and implications for species introduction. Herpetological Conservation and Biology [online] Available: http://herpconbio.org/Volume_6/Issue_3/Prestridge_etal_2011.pdf (3/1/2013)

Qiang, D., Yuezhao, W., Gang, L.Conservation Status of Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Normal University. [online] Available: http://www.cepf.net/Documents/final_CIBCAS_giantsalamander_china.pdf

Textbooks:

Dodd, K.C. (2010) Amphibian Ecology and Conservation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Groom, M.J., Meffe, G.K. Carroll, C.R. (2005) Principles of Conservation Biology. (3rd edition) Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc.

Wells, K.D. (2007) The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.


Peer-reviewed scientific articles:

Carey, Cynthia. 2000. Infectious disease and worldwide declines of amphibian populations, with comments on emerging diseases in coral reef organisms and in humans. Environmental health perspective. 108 pp 143-150.

Carey, Cynthia, Cohen, Nicholas, Rollins-Smith, Louise. 1999. Amphibian declines: an immunological perspective. Development and Comparative Immunology. 23, pp459-472.
 
Corn, P.S. 2005. Climate change and amphibians. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 28.1 pp59-67.

Fisher, M. P., Garner, T. W. J., and Walker, S. F. 2009. Global emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and amphibian chytridiomycosis in space, time, and host. Annual Review of Microbiology 63: 291–310.
Garmyn, An, Van Rooij, Pasmans, Frank, Hellebuyck, Van Den Boreck, Wim, Haesebrouck, Freddy, Martel, An. 2012. Waterfowl: Potential environmental reservoirs of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PLoS One. 7(4).

Garner, Trenton W.J., Walker, Susan, Bosch, Jaime, Leech, Stacey, Rowcliffe, J. Marcus, Cunningham, Andrew A., Fisher, Matthew C. 2009. Life history tradeoffs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.Oikos. 118 pp783-791.

Gerry, Parkes, Helen. 1998. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Population Biology. 95 pp 9031-9036.

Han, Barbara A., Searle, Chatherin L., Blaustein, Andrew R. 2001. Effects of an infectious fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on amphibian predator-prey interactions. PLos One. 6(2)

Hayes, Marc P., Rombough, Chrsitpher J., Padgett-Flohr, Gretchen E., Hallock, Lisa A., Johnson, James E., Wagner, R. Steven, Engler, Joseph D. 2009. Amphibian Chytridiomycosis in the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) in Washington State, USA. Northwestern Naturalist, 90 (2) pp 148-151.

Johnson, Megan L., Speare. Ricjard. 2005. Possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the environment. Disease of Aquatic Organisms. 65 pp 181- 186.

Kiesecker, Joseph M., Blaustein, Andrew R., Belden, Lisa K. 2001. Complex causes of amphibian population declines.Nature. 410 (6829) pp639-40.
 
McKibben, Rene, Dushenko, William T., vanAggelen, Graham, Bishop, Christine A. 2008. The influence of water quality on the embryonic survivorship of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in British Columbia, Canada. 395 pp 28-40.

McMenamin, Sarah K., Hadly, Elizabeth A., Wright, Christopher K. 2008. Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park. PNAS. 105 (44) pp. 16988-16993.Pounds, J. Alan, Fogden, Michael, P.L., Campbell, John H. 1999. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain.Nature.398. Pp. 611-615.

Pearl, Christopher A., Adams, Michael J. Leuthold, Niels. 2009. Breeding habitat and local population size of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in Oregon, USA. Northwestern naturalist. 90 (2) pp 136-147.

Pearl, Christopher A., Hayes, Marc P. 2004. Habitat Association of the Oregon Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa) A Literature review. Final Report. WDFW Olympia, Washington 44p.

Piotrowski, Jeffrey S., Annis, Seanna L., Longcore, Joyce. 2004. Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia. 96(1) pp 9-15.

Pounds, J. Alan, Bustamante, Martin R., Coloma, Luis A., Consuegra Jaime A., Fogden, Michael P.L. Foster, Pru N., La Marca, Enrique, Masters, Karen L., Merino-Viteri, Puschendorf, Robert., Ron, Santiago R., Sanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo. Still, Christopher J., Young, Bruce E. 2006. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439.

Raffel, T.R., Rohr, J.R., Kiesecker, J.M., Hudson, P.J. 2006. Negative effects of changing temperature on amphibian immunity under field conditions. Functional Ecology. 20 pp819-828.

Rosenblum, Erica Bree, Fisher, Matthew C., James, Timothy Y., Stajich, Jason E., Longcore, Joyce, E., Gentry, Lydia R., Poorten, Thomas J. 2010. A molecular perspective: biology of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Disease of aquatic organisms. 92 pp 131-147.

Rohr, Jason R., Halstead, Neal T., Raffel, Thomas R. 2011. Modeling the future distribution of the amphibian chytrid fungus: the influence of climate and human-associated factors. Journal of applied ecology. 48 pp 174-176.

Skerratt, Lee Francis, Berger, Lee, Speare, Richard, Cashins, Scott, Raymond McDonald, Keith, Phillott, Andrea Dawn, Hines, Harry Bryan, Kenyon, Nichole. 2007. Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs. Ecohealth. 4pp125-134.

Sodhi, Navjot S., Bickford, David, Diesmos, Arvin C., Lee, Tien Ming, Koh, Lian Pin, Brook, Barry W., Sekercioglu, Cagan H., Bradshaw, Corey J. A. 2008. Measuring the meltdown: Drivers of Global Amphibian Extinction and Decline. PLoS One. 3(2) e 1636.

Stuart, Simon N., Chanson, Janice S., Cox, Nail A., Young, Bruce E., Rodrigues, Ana S.L., Fischman, Debra L., Waller, Robert W. 2004. Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions worldwide. Science Magazine. 306 (5702)pp 1783-1786.

Voyles, Janie, Berger, Lee, Young, Sam, Speare, Rick, Webb, Rebecca, Warner, Jeffrey, Rudd, Donna, Campbell, Ruth, Skerratt, Lee F. 2007. Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 77 pp 113-118.

Wake, David B., Vredenburg, Vance T. 2008. Are we in the midst of the sixthmass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. PNAS. 105.
Walther, Gian-Reto, Post, Eric, Convey, Peter, Menzel, Annette, Parmesan, Camille, Beebee, Trevor J.C., Fromentin, Jean-Marc., Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove., Bairlein, Franz. 2002.Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature. 416.Pp389-395.

Watson, James W., McAllister, Kelly A, Pierce, John D., Alvarado, Amy. 2000. Ecology of a Remnant Population of Oregon Spotted Frogs (Rana pretiosa) in Thurston County, Washington. Final Report. WDFE Olympia, Washington 85p.

Watson, James W., McAllister, Kelly R., Pierce, John D. 2003. Home ranges, movements, and habitat selection of Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) Journal of Herpetology. 37 (2) pp 292-300.